Potential and Challenges of Adopting 3D Printing Techniques in Modular Construction Practices

Abstract

Advancements in additive manufacturing (AM), particularly 3D printing, are revolutionizing modular construction through enhanced design flexibility, reduced build time, and minimized waste. This study examines the potential and challenges of integrating 3D printing within modular construction workflows. We conducted a systematic review of technical literature and industry case studies, followed by a comparative analysis using surveys and expert interviews. Benefits include up to 95% faster construction, 50–60% fewer materials, and 30–60% lower waste . Key challenges involve high equipment costs, material limitations, structural integrity, regulatory uncertainty, and logistics constraints. Our hybrid methodology—integrating 3D-printed components into prefabricated modules—reveals potential optimizations: 3D-printed façades or partitions can be produced off-site and easily assembled on-site (e.g. Workflow simulations suggest that strategic integration could reduce assembly time by 30% and material costs by 40%. Concluding, 3D printing in modular construction offers compelling advantages, yet its adoption requires addressing technological, regulatory, and logistical hurdles through interdisciplinary collaboration.